An Evaluation of Remote-Sensing Technologies for Watershed Ass
نویسندگان
چکیده
A survey to locate all potential pollution sources in a watershed can be overwhelming in terms of the commitment of capital, equipment, and manpower. For this reason, alternative methods were sought that could lessen the time and cost of these initial watershed surveys. In this paper, airborne thermal infrared (TIR) imaging and geophysical techniques, such as electromagnetic conductivity and very low frequency conductivity, were evaluated as tools for identifying groundwater flow paths and surface discharge locations. These methods offer the advantage of being able to quickly survey large areas with a minimum commitment of manpower and capital. Airborne surveys also minimize the land access problems that slow land-based surveys. To test the utility of these techniques, surveys were conducted over well-characterized mines with known groundwater discharge sites. A geographic information system (GIS) was used for geo-referencing and correlating remote sensing data with existing GIS data sets that pertain to coal resources and coal mining in the surveyed areas. The GIS was used to overlay data such as mined-out areas, crop lines, and mine workings over data layers for the TIR imagery and geophysical data. The results of these tests indicated that TIR imaging was very effective for identifying sites where groundwater was discharged to the surface. TIR imaging could not determine groundwater quality or if the water was from a mine or a natural seep; however, it accurately mapped large numbers of locations that could be used by watershed stewards to efficiently pursue ground-based characterization work. Multiple-frequency electromagnetic conductivity provided the most useful information on the location of mine pools and lateral groundwater flow paths. Very low frequency conductivity was effective for the detection of vertical, water-filled fractures, which could be indicative of potential groundwater recharge zones and vertical flow paths. Key Words—thermal infrared imaging, electromagnetic conductivity, very low frequency conductivity, coal mines, acid mine drainage, geophysics, water quality
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